Building an electrical grid for our times

The electrical grid is arguably one of the most complex machines that humans have ever built. But for the past few years, it has been pushed beyond its limits.

[edit] Introduction

When the grid as we know it was first built almost 100 years ago, average household demand rarely stretched beyond a few lightbulbs and a radio. Power generation was built around small communities and set up as a one-way interaction from utilities to consumers.

Although now a vastly larger network, today’s grid is lagging behind 21st century demands. In most developed countries, grids now operate at full capacity most of the time. To survive the next 100 years, the world’s grids will have to get a lot smarter. Luckily, the technology to make a smart grid possible is now coming to the fore, all the way from turbine to socket.

[edit] Old grid, new tricks

During peak demand, typically when kettles across the country are switched on after the working day, utilities will activate additional (often less efficient) power plants to keep up. This also means energy is costlier and less environmentally friendly to deliver at these times.

The success of the smart grid hinges on the proper deployment of new technologies on both sides of the meter. If used correctly, the smart grid will start to introduce a two-way interaction between utilities and consumers, where the Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, battery storage, renewable energy and falling prices can converge to help us manage our electricity needs.

[edit] Talking machines

Having taken much of the industrial world by storm, the IoT has made data ubiquitous. More installations than ever are fitted with sensors that communicate with engineers, and each other, about how much power they are using, when they are using it, and how much it is likely to cost.

In an ideal future, smart homes will communicate with the grid via robust and secure protocols known as the Smart Meter-Wide Area Network (SM-HAN). Utilities can then provide consumers with much better information to help manage their bills.

Within the smart home, a Consumer Home Area Network (C-HAN) will connect smart appliances, thermostats, and other electric devices to an energy management system through the IoT. Smart devices and appliances will adjust their run schedules to reduce electricity demand on the grid at critical times and lower consumers’ energy bills. These devices can be controlled or scheduled over the internet, or through a smartphone.

[edit] Self-healing powers

To keep the lights on, utilities have typically relied on manual switching and complex distribution schemes across the grid. Any break in this system caused by bad weather or sudden changes in demand can lead to outages.

Using Artificial Intelligence to act on data shared over the IoT, the smart grid will effectively be self-healing in the case of an outage. Faults will be automatically detected, and distribution will be rerouted and restored.

This ‘distribution intelligence’ can also be used to predict and manage electricity usage (with the cooperation of consumers sharing their data), ultimately leading to lower production costs.

[edit] Super substations

A vital part of the smart grid is the smart substation, without which we would be left with a relatively ‘dumb’ energy system. Since 2003, the IEC 61850 Power Industry Communications standard has continued to develop. This is an Ethernet-based international standard, enabling communication in power generation facilities and substations.

The Standard has been critical in providing enhanced, high-speed protection, through interlocking and intertripping, control and monitoring functions via Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs). Substation Configuration Language (SCL) is employed under IEC 61850, allowing information to be exchanged throughout the power network, regardless of whether each device is made by a different manufacturer.

[edit] A smart low-carbon combination

We should also consider the government’s ambitious 2050 net-zero carbon target. While this is a potentially massive undertaking, it will not be achievable without a smart grid, properly supported by renewable energy and battery storage.

Increasingly, UK renewable energy delivers the cheapest, lowest-carbon electrical energy available to the grid. By itself that would be impressive, but renewables and energy storage together offer a winning combination, allowing customers full flexibility to use and export ‘carbon free’ electrical energy, even on cloudy and breezeless days.

Batteries still only comprise a small part of the UK’s energy storage capacity, but they are expected to become far more important in future as costs continue to fall, and performance increases.

[edit] Upskill to upgrade

Opportunities for contractors abound, and they include the design, installation, maintenance and servicing of the smart, renewable and distributed power systems mentioned above.

Tomorrow’s energy market will require significant up-skilling of the workforce, particularly in relation to:

• Type of technology: distributed energy technology is developing quickly. New products, with improved functionality and connectivity, are continually arriving on the market.
• Keeping abreast with what is available – and what will meet customers’ needs and options.
• Safety codes of practice: when designing, installing and operating technology in buildings and infrastructure, ensuring operational safety should be a top priority.
• Regulatory/access codes: given the (currently slow but steadily increasing) two-way nature of customers’ interaction with the grid, contractors will need to be more aware of how the network and systems function, and the codes that govern the network.
• Security: smart, communicating systems may well have security vulnerabilities, which will make this a high priority.

While the growth and availability of such technology should be celebrated, we need to be careful that the industry adopts the right standards, learns the right skills, and deploys the right installations, if the smart gird of the future is to be a success for the rest of the century.

For more information on ECA’s technical guidance visit eca.co.uk/technical.

[edit] About this article

This article was written by Shahid Khan, Technical Manager, Electrical Contractors' Association (ECA). It previously appeared in ECAtoday, p32, Winter 2019 issue under the title 'Building a grid for our times' and can be accessed HERE.

Other articles by ECA on Designing Buildings Wiki can be accessed HERE.

[edit] Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki

• Articles about electricity.
• Alternating current and direct current.
• Ampere.
• Consumer electronics.
• Domestic micro-generation.
• Electrical consumption.
• Electrical energy.
• Electrical power.
• Electrical safety.
• Electrical system.
• Energy consumption.
• Energy infrastructure.
• Energy storage.
• Feed in tariff.
• Glossary of electrical terms.
• Kilowatt hour.
• Mains electricity.
• Microgeneration.
• Power generation.
• Renewable energy.
• Smart meter.
• Substation.
• Switchgear.
• The future of electricity in domestic buildings.
• The future of UK power generation.

--ECA